Leaders of Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) are aiming to consolidate and create conditions for an “eventual resurgence in its Iraqi and Syrian heartlands”, experts have told the United Nations’ Security Council (UNSC) in a new report. The panel of experts said that the process of ISIS consolidation is more advanced in Iraq, where ISIS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi and most of the terrorist group’s leadership are now based following the fall of the so-called “caliphate” that he declared in the two neighboring countries.

In Syria, where the last ISIS stronghold was toppled in March, 2019, the ISIS covert network is spreading and sleeper cells are being established at the provincial level, mirroring what has been happening in Iraq since 2017, the experts said.

As for al-Qaida, the report said the extremist group “remains resilient” though its immediate global threat is not clear, with its leader, Ayman al-Zawahiri, “reported to be in poor health and doubts as to how the group will manage the succession.”

“The most striking international developments” during the first six months of 2019 include “the growing ambition and reach of terrorist groups in the Sahel and West Africa,” where fighters from ISIS and al-Qaida are collaborating to undermine fragile countries. “The number of regional states threatened with contagion from insurgencies in the Sahel and Nigeria has increased,” said the experts, who monitor UN sanctions against both extremist groups.

In a video message in late April, al-Baghdadi claimed that ISIS “still aspires to have global relevance and expects to achieve this by continuing to carry out international attacks,” the panel said. The experts said ISIS is currently dependent on attacks that it inspires like the Easter Sunday church bombings in Sri Lanka. Al-Baghdadi mentioned the bombings but the panel said ISIS leaders “clearly knew nothing” in advance. Whether or not the Sri Lankan attacks were motivated by a previous attack on Muslims at mosques in Christchurch, New Zealand, in March, “the narrative of interfaith conflict is concerning,” the panel added.

Looking ahead, the experts said ISIS “will reinvest in the capacity to direct and facilitate complex international attacks when it has the secure space and time to do so.” The panel added, “The current abatement of such attacks, therefore, may not last long, possibly not even until the end of 2019.”

The panel said up to 30,000 foreign fighters and others who traveled to the so-called “caliphate” that ISIS established in parts of Iraq and Syria may still be alive, “and their future prospects will be of international concern for the foreseeable future.”

Outside Syria and Iraq, the experts said, ISIS and al-Qaida are contending “for dominance and international relevance.” They said that in Afghanistan, concerns remain about short-term and long-term threats posed by groups affiliated with both ISIS and al-Qaida as well as “foreign terrorist fighters who have established themselves on Afghan territory.”

Here are the experts’ assessments of threats posed by ISIS and al-Qaida in other regions:

ARABIAN PENINSULA — Regional member states say the temporary strategy of al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula is to prioritise the fight against the ISIS affiliate in Yemen to maintain its dominant position, rather than fight Houthi Shia rebels who are in a war with the Government, which is backed by a Saudi-led coalition. An unidentified country reported that al-Qaida has been unable to establish itself in Saudi Arabia.

AFRICA — ISIS activity in southern Libya gained momentum as a result of preoccupation with fighting around the capital of Tripoli, and the extremist group is assessed to have substantial financial resources seized when it controlled the city of Sirte. A sharp rise in violence and recruitment efforts in West Africa, motivated by ISIS or al-Qaida affiliates, has been exacerbated “by porous borders and authorities ill-equipped to confront the growing threat.” In Somalia, al-Qaida affiliate al-Shabab has shifted from high-impact attacks to sustained, frequent and eventually daily multiple attacks.

EUROPE — Online propaganda encouraging low-tech, ISIS-inspired attacks is still available but member states report a reduced incidence of successful attacks. Nonetheless, European countries “assess that the risk remains high.”

ASIA — Countries in central Asia see the greatest threat from their nationals returning from Iraq and Syria, and to a lesser extent from Afghanistan. In Southeast Asia, a series of successful and thwarted attacks attributed to ISIS-affiliated groups “underscores the persistent nature of the threat in the region.”