A calm, pure and cheerful mind is a pre-requisite for the accomplishment of one’s goals both in the inner and the outer worlds. These qualities are equally important for a seeker who has embarked on the journey of self-realization, the ultimate goal of yogic practices. Maharishi Patanjali in yoga sutras from 1.34 to 1.39 has prescribed a set of yogic techniques through the practice of which such purity of the mind (chitta-prasadanam) can be produced.
Patanjali has declared that the mind can be quietened by expulsion and retention of the breath. In other words, calmness of the mind can be attained by control of vital energy (prana), through regulated inhalation and exhalation. It has further been stated that steadiness of the mind can also be achieved by focusing the mind upon the luminous light of the soul, which is beyond any sorrow. To put it simply, the all-pervading illumination of spiritual wisdom, the main characteristic of which is spontaneous joy, can be gained by inward attention. Further, it has been stated that the mind can also be stabilised by contemplating upon the heart of a great soul, the one who has given up attachment to the sense objects. Simply put, by focussing on the unselfish kindness of a saintly person, one can be imbued by the higher qualities of such an enlightened being. Tranquility of the mind can also be obtained by recalling the peace experienced during a dream or a good deep sleep. This serene state of mind provides a glimpse of the consciousness of the self. Lastly, serenity of the mind can also be attained by concentrating on something which one finds to be inspiring i.e. one can obtain peace of mind by focussing his mind on whatever he considers sacred.
The subtle sense perceptions that one experiences while doing these yoga practices increase the perseverance of the mind. These extraordinary insights of some higher realities help one in maintaining steadiness of mind by removing any doubt in the efficacy of yoga practices.
In short, Patanjali has specified certain yogic techniques through the regular practice of which one can attain freedom from inner restlessness. These practices include regulation of the breath, focussing on inward luminosity, contemplation on a pious heart; and recalling the happy state of mind experienced during sleep. One can also concentrate on something else which he considers to be holy. In addition to these yogic practices, peace of mind can also be attained by establishing appropriate relationships, in one’s day-to-day life. One should deal with different kinds of people, in the manner they deserve. In this regard, Patanjali has identified (in sutra 1.33) four categories of people namely sukha (the happy ones), dukha (those who are suffering), punya (the virtuous) ; and apunya (not so virtuous). He has further declared that one can attain purity and serenity of mind by cultivating an attitude of friendliness (maitri) towards the happy, compassion (karuna) for those who are suffering, delight (mudita)for the virtuous ; and indifference (upeksha) towards the non-virtuous.
On seeing a joyous person, instead of being jealous of his joy, one should develop an attitude of friendliness towards him. Through envy, one may or may not be able to harm the other person, but would certainly destroy the peace of his own mind. By developing an attitude of friendliness towards the joyous person, one can surely share his joy.
Karuna refers to the virtue which impels one to help someone finding him in trouble. Instead of taking pleasure in the suffering of others, one should feel sorry for them and help them to the extent possible.
Appreciating the virtuous qualities of others is mudita. When one rejoices in the praiseworthy things done by someone else, he not only encourages him to do such things, but is himself inspired to do better things. He experiences a gladness of his own.
Observing without judging is upeksha. It is acceptance of the people as they are. Instead of finding fault with others, one should learn to see them in their own context. One should remain undisturbed by unpleasant events. In other words, one can feel much more relaxed by letting go of bad feelings.
In short, a mind free of envy and full of compassion is a peaceful mind. The one who is glad in virtuous behaviour of others becomes virtuous himself. That is what can be termed as a positive attitude toward life.
One remains caught in his own inner turmoil. His mind runs indiscriminately and aimlessly from one object to another. But one can bring about steadiness of his mind through the yogic practices and a positive attitude towards life. A steady mind, like a waveless ocean, becomes calm and limitless. Impurities of the mind are cleansed. Such a serene mind is impulsively inclined to cultivate spiritual wisdom. One then becomes fit to attain enlightenment and realise his true self i.e. know his essential nature.
To conclude, a holistic study of yoga sutras from 1.33 to 1.39 suggests that yoga refers not only to some metaphysical practices but also includes benevolent social interactions. When one follows the yogic instructions sincerely and with good intentions, he gains access to serenity of the mind.
