India must urgently modernise its coastal security infrastructure to counter an emerging generation of AI-enabled threats that could render traditional maritime security apparatus and defences obsolete. With artificial intelligence democratising advanced military capabilities, hostile actors now have access to autonomous underwater vehicles, coordinated drone swarms, and cyber-physical attack systems that were exclusively the domain of superpowers just years ago. We face a fundamentally different security environment from that which existed even five years ago. The convergence of AI, autonomous systems, and sophisticated cyber capabilities creates threats that can materialise with unprecedented speed and lethality along our 11,098-kilometre coastline.

The Invisible Underwater Menace

Perhaps most alarming are autonomous underwater vehicles—sophisticated submarine drones capable of operating for weeks without surfacing while maintaining minimal acoustic signatures that challenge conventional sonar detection. Security analysts warn of scenarios in which torpedo-sized AUVs could be launched from vessels over 100 nautical miles offshore, using AI navigation to autonomously infiltrate major ports. Once positioned, these systems could attach explosives to naval assets, conduct prolonged reconnaissance of underwater defences, or remain dormant as sleeper weapons activated on command. Larger AUVs pose direct threats to critical underwater infrastructure, including submarine communication cables carrying 99 per cent of international data traffic, oil and gas pipelines, and desalination plant intake systems.

The AI advantage is significant: these systems learn from each mission, make autonomous decisions without detectable communications, recognise optimal attack timing based on traffic patterns, and adapt tactics when they encounter countermeasures. China’s deployment of underwater autonomous systems in the South China Sea, combined with commercially available AUV technology requiring minimal modification and accessible 3D-printed components, has lowered the barrier to entry dramatically.

Swarm Intelligence and Saturation Attacks

While single-drone incidents have garnered attention following recent security events, AI introduces exponential complexity through swarm intelligence. Defence experts envision scenarios involving 50 to 100 coordinated drones overwhelming point defences through saturation attacks, with distributed decision-making eliminating any central control point vulnerable to jamming. Maritime applications include simultaneous strikes on multiple naval and coast guard targets, with AI coordination identifying and engaging vessels while electronic warfare drones jam communications and radar.

Port infrastructure becomes vulnerable to precision attacks on fuel depots, coastal security chains of static sensors, control towers, and cargo terminals, with thermal imaging identifying high-value targets and adaptive re-targeting if primary objectives are defended. The technology remains disturbingly accessible: commercial drones modified with open-source AI software, facial recognition technology repurposed for ship identification, and gaming industry processors providing the computational power for AI operations.

The Cyber-Physical Convergence

Security analysts have identified the integration of cyber warfare with physical autonomous systems as perhaps the most dangerous scenario—a three-phase attack chain beginning with AI-powered malware penetrating port management systems, followed by AUVs, surface vessels, and drones positioning during the cyber preparation phase while maintaining radio silence. The synchronised final phase would see cyber attacks disabling port security systems and communications while physical autonomous systems execute coordinated strikes, with AI-driven adaptive tactics responding in real time to defensive measures.

Real-world precedents demonstrate the viability of such attacks. Stuxnet demonstrated cyber-physical attack capabilities against Iranian nuclear facilities. Iran captured a US drone through GPS spoofing. Russia has launched cyber attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure. Chinese advanced persistent threats have infiltrated maritime industry networks globally. Adversaries are also using AI defensively—training algorithms to identify and exploit blind spots in surveillance systems, generating synthetic radar signatures mimicking benign vessels, creating false AIS location data, and producing jamming patterns that appear as technical malfunctions rather than attacks.

The Professional Recruitment Threat

Recent security incidents involving educated professionals—doctors, engineers, and IT specialists—have raised concerns about recruitment for AI-enabled operations. Data scientists could develop sophisticated algorithms for weapon systems, robotics engineers could build and modify autonomous platforms, and cybersecurity experts could create malware and conduct reconnaissance. Security officials have expressed particular concern about operatives who could play significant technical roles in cyber operations, drone piloting from safe houses, and intelligence gathering while maintaining lower suspicion profiles.

Remote operation capabilities eliminate traditional suicide-attack requirements, fundamentally changing the threat landscape. Encrypted communication platforms enable pre-programmed autonomy, whereby AI systems receive initial instructions through dead-drop emails and secure messaging, with no real-time communication during operations, eliminating interception risks.

Global Best Practices

International response models offer templates for Indian adaptation. The United States Navy has deployed advanced sonar arrays tuned for small AUV detection, AI-powered acoustic analysis, defensive drone swarms, and autonomous underwater vehicles for harbour protection. Israel’s multi-layered defence includes the Drone Dome system, with AI radar classification distinguishing bird flocks from drone swarms, electronic warfare jamming, and laser interception. Singapore’s smart port security integrates autonomous patrol boats, underwater monitoring, AI-powered cargo screening, and comprehensive cyber defence.

A Comprehensive Implementation Strategy

A three-phase implementation strategy for India spanning five years may be considered:

Phase 1 (0–12 months) should focus on deploying underwater sensor arrays at five major ports, installing counter-drone systems at critical infrastructure, integrating AI-enabled systems with the existing National Coastal Security Operations Centre, and procuring autonomous underwater defence vehicles.

Phase 2 (12–36 months) may require completing AI-enabled sensor networks covering all ports and 50 per cent of the coastline, establishing five AI-enabled Regional Coastal Security Centres at Mumbai, Kochi, Chennai, Visakhapatnam, and Port Blair, deploying autonomous defence systems at additional locations, and training thousands of personnel in AI and autonomous systems.

Phase 3 (36–60 months) should aim for comprehensive AI-enabled sensor coverage of the entire coastline, deployment of autonomous defence systems at all critical infrastructure, complete cyber-physical defence integration, and the establishment of domestic production of key systems.

Technology and Training Requirements

The strategy requires multi-frequency sonar arrays capable of detecting various AUV sizes, magnetic anomaly detectors, high-frequency surface wave radar, 3D aerial surveillance, and AI-powered maritime domain awareness systems aggregating data from the Coast Guard, Navy, ISRO, DGLL, DG Shipping, Customs, and state police sources. Active countermeasures should include layered counter-drone systems combining electronic warfare jamming at close range, directed energy weapons and autonomous defensive drones at medium range, and modified surface-to-air missiles for area defence beyond five kilometres.

Organisational measures require establishing specialised Counter-Autonomous System Teams combining electronic warfare specialists, AI experts, maritime special forces, explosive ordnance disposal technicians, and cybersecurity professionals, with permanent stations at major ports and rapid deployment capabilities. Legal frameworks need updating to address autonomous system regulations, including mandatory registration of drones and underwater vehicles, licensing requirements for AI-enabled maritime systems, and clear rules of engagement for autonomous threats, with provisions for intelligence sharing with allied nations.

Community Engagement and Indigenous Development

Coastal community integration represents a critical force multiplier. Training fishing communities to identify autonomous systems, with secure reporting mechanisms and financial incentives, could provide thousands of additional monitoring points along India’s extensive coastline. Indigenous capability development through a proposed National Maritime AI Lab would partner with IITs, the Indian Institute of Science, DRDO, and private-sector companies such as TCS, Infosys, and Tech Mahindra. Dedicated coastal test ranges would enable testing of autonomous systems and countermeasures in simulated port environments, with underwater testing facilities.

Public–private partnerships through start-up incubation programmes, challenge-based competitions for novel solutions, and fast-track procurement mechanisms would leverage commercial innovation across AI, robotics, cybersecurity, and sensor manufacturing sectors.

Ethical Safeguards and Regional Leadership

Human-in-the-loop protocols for lethal systems remain essential, with final engagement authorisation by human operators, multiple levels of verification before hostile classification, and regular testing to prevent false positives. Hardware-based security modules would prevent hacking of defensive systems, while transparency measures ensure public awareness and parliamentary oversight. Proportional response frameworks would provide graduated options before the use of lethal force, consider collateral damage risks, ensure compliance with international law, and mandate ethical review boards for new capabilities.

The Path Forward

The technology exists. The expertise exists within India. What is required is recognition that coastal security in the age of AI and autonomous systems demands a fundamental reimagining of our approach, sustained political will, bureaucratic reforms enabling integrated operations, and technical excellence that attracts India’s best talent to the defence sector. With maritime commerce representing 70 per cent of India’s trade value and critical infrastructure serving 1.4 billion citizens at stake, decisions made today will determine whether the nation can effectively defend its coastal interests against the next generation of AI-enabled warfare. The democratisation of advanced weapons technology, the asymmetric potential for small teams to inflict strategic damage, and the rapid pace of technological evolution all demand urgent action to modernise India’s coastal defence architecture before adversaries exploit existing vulnerabilities.

(The author is a retired Additional Director General of the Indian Coast Guard, a defence and strategic studies expert, and an alumnus of the US Naval War College, Rhode Island, USA); views are personal